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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi
1999, Cilt 13, Sayı 1, Sayfa(lar) 071-080
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Opioids and Their Effects on the Reproductive Functions
Bayram YILMAZ, Vahit KONAR
Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Elazığ / TÜRKİYE
Keywords: Opioids, GnRH, LH, opioid receptors, oxytocin and fertility

With the discovery of endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins) and characterisation of opioid receptors, studies on the opioids have greatly increased within the last two decades. Although several receptor types have been proposed, to date, opioid receptors are divided into three subtypes: mu, kappa and delta. Effects of opioids in the regulation of reproductive functions have been intensively investigated. Inhibitory effects of opioids on gonadotrophin releasing hormone and thus luteinising hormone release have been shown by in vivo and in vitro studies. Its effects on FSH secretion are still controversial. Amenorrhea cases in female athletes have been attributed to heavy exercise-induced increases in opioid concentrations. Opioids are also involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of prolactin and oxytocin secretion in lactation and timing of parturition, respectively. In male heroin addicts, impotence, reduced libido, orgazm, erection ana ejaculation disorders during rehabilitation period have been attributed to the negative influence of opioids. In addition, it has been reported thet endorphins and enkephalins released from the spinal opioid peptidergic neurons during sexual intercourse have important roles in the induction of analgesia and sexual orgasm.

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