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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi
2018, Cilt 32, Sayı 1, Sayfa(lar) 021-025
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Tekrarlayan Derin Ven Trombozunda Ortalama Trombosit Hacmi ve Trombosit Dağılım Genişliği
İlker AKAR
Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokat, TURKEY
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tekrarlayan derin ven trombozu, ortalama trombosit hacmi, trombosit dağılım genişliği
Özet
Amaç: Sebebi belli olmayan tekrarlayan derin ven trombozu (DVT) hastalarında ortalama trombosit hacmi (MPV) ve trombosit dağılım genişliğinin (PDW) rolü değerlendirildi.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2011-Eylül 2017 arası tekrarlayan alt ekstremite derin ven trombozu olan hastalar retrospektif olarak incelendi. Bunlar hasta grubu (Grup 1, n:30) olarak değerlendirildi. Bu hastaların ilk defa derin ven trombozu geçirdikleri dönemdeki MPV ve PDW değerleri, tekrarladığı dönemdeki MPV ve PDW değerleri ile Kontrol grubu (Grup 2, n:30) olarak kabul edilen komplike olmamış alt ekstremite variköz ven nedeniyle kliniğimize başvuran hastaların MPV ve PDW değerleri ile karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: Trombosit hacmi değerlerinde; hasta grubundaki akut dönemdeki veriler ile kontrol grubu karşılaştırıldığında, hasta grubu lehine anlamlı bir artışın olduğu tespit edildi (P=0.002). Yine tekrarlayan dönemdeki MPV değerlerinde de kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı artışın olduğu görüldü (P<0.001). Akut DVT dönemi ile tekrarlayan DVT dönemindeki değerler karşılaştırıldığında; tekrarlayan dönemdeki verilerde anlamlı bir yükseklik olduğu tespit edildi (P<0.001). Trombosit Dağılım Genişliği değerlerinde; hasta grubu ile kontrol grubu karşılaştırıldığında hem akut dönemdeki hem de tekrarlayan dönemdeki değerlerin kontrol grubuna göre yüksek olduğu ve bunun istatistiki olarak anlamlı olduğu görüldü (P<0.001).

Sonuç: Sebebi bilinmeyen akut ve tekrarlayan derin ven trombozunda; trombosit aktivasyonu esnasında yükselen MPV ve PDW değerlerindeki yükseklik rol oynamaktadır. PDW, trombosit aktivasyonunda MPV’ye göre, daha spesifik bir belirteçtir. MPV ve PDW’nin birlikte değerlendirilmesi venöz tromboza yatkınlık açısından daha etkin bir fikir sunabileceği kanaatindeyiz.

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    Venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism are the clinical conditions with high mortality and morbidity. The stasis, endothelial damage and hypercoagulability are involved in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism 1. Prolonged immobilization, various malignancies, advanced age, cardiopulmonary and other organ failure, acquired or genetic hematologic disorders can be listed as risk factors for deep vein thrombosis 2.

    Patients with venous thromboembolism; are confronted with the risk of recurrence inversely proportional to the time since the first episode, ranging from 5 to 7% per year 3. It is crucial to distinguish venous thromboembolism as provoked and unprovoked. The provoked venous thromboembolies may depend on risk factors such as; major surgery, pregnancy or permanent factors such as cancer. The venous thromboembolies which are not identified with any clinical risk factors are named as unprovoked. Unprovoked venous thromboembolies have a higher risk of recurrence than other 4,5.

    Platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism and atherosclerosis 6,7. Platelets volume indices; low-cost tests that are measured as a part of complete blood count and accurately demonstrate platelet activation and function 8. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) are valid, important, and interesting parameters used in the investigation of clinical conditions due to their wide usage. Platelets dimensions measured with these parameters; aggregation correlates with thromboxane A2 or β-thromboglobulin release and platelets activation related with the expression of glycoprotein 1b and IIb / IIIa receptors 9.

    Besides there are few studies indicating a relation between unprovoked venous thrombosis and MPV and PDW, there has been no study of these parameters in recurrent venous thromboembolism. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of MPV and PDW in patients with recurrent deep vein thrombosis.

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    Patients with recurrent lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (17 female, 13 male, average age 52.37±13.61) who were diagnosed clinically and radiological in our hospital between January 2011 and September 2017 were retrospectively examined. These were evaluated as the patient group (Group 1 (n: 30)). The MPV and PDW values at the time of the first deep vein thrombosis of these patients were compared with the MPV and PDW values at the recurring phase and also compared with the patients MPV and PDW values who have uncomplicated lower extremity varicose veins considered as the control group (Group 2, n: 30) ) (14 female, 16 male). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (EF <50), coronary artery disease, recent trauma, recent surgical operation, acute or chronic infection, stroke, antilipid and antiplatelet treatment, atrial fibrillation, obesity, known malignancy, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal and hepatic diseases, diabetes mellitus, oral anticoagulant usage, oral contraceptive usage and pregnant patients were not included in the study.

    Demographic data of patients in groups; age, sex, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia and as hematologically; hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), platelet count (Plt), MPV and PDW values were examined. Antihypertensive drug use or systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure> 90 mmHg was defined as hypertension. Total serum cholesterol level ≥200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL, or lipid-lowering drug use was described as hyperlipidemia.

    Statistical Analaysis: While repeated measures were evaluated between groups, variance analysis was used for repeated measures within and between groups. Data were presented with average and standard deviation in number and percentage; chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Analyses were performed using SPSS 19 software (IBM SPSS Statistics 19; SPSS Inc., an IBM Company, Somers, NY). A P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

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    Characteristic and demographic datas of the patients in the groups are given in Table 1. There was no significantly difference among age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking cigarette between groups.


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın
    Table 1: Distribution of characteristic and demographic datas according to groups

    The general averages of the laboratory parameters, the mean values in the groups and the statistical differences between them are given in Table 2. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin values between the two groups and within the group of patients. There was a significant difference between the acute and recurrent period of the patients’ MPV values (P= 0.005). There was no significantly difference between the two groups in platelet values; but between acute and recurrent period of DVT in patient group, there was a significantly difference in platelets counts (P= 0.041). The values of mean platelet volume (MPV1); in the acute phase group compared with the control group, it was found that there was a significant increased in patient group (P= 0.002). MPV values in the recurrent period (MPV2) were also significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.001). When the values of MPV in acute DVT period (MPV1) and recurrent DVT period (MPV2) were compared, MPV2 values were found significantly high (P<0.001). When the platelets distribution width (PDW) values are examined; when the patient group and the control group were compared, it was seen that the values in both the acute and recurrent period were higher than the control group and it was statistically significant (P<0.001). There was no significantly difference in PDW data between acute and recurrent periods in the patient group (P= 0.079).


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın
    Table 2: Distributions of laboratuary parameters according to groups

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    Platelets play a central role in the pathogenesis of thrombo-embolic diseases. Platelet size reflects platelet activation. Large platelets are more metabolic and enzymatically active than small ones and produce greater amounts of thromboxane A2 and express more glycoprotein Ib and IIb / IIIa receptors. MPV and PDW are indicators of platelet activation. While MPV is a measure of mean platelets size, PDW measures platelets size variability and may be an indicator of active platelets release 10.

    MPV is one of the platelet volume indicators and is a simple and reliable parameter showing platelets activation and function. There are studies showing increased MPV levels in patients with coronary artery disease 11,12. MPV has been defined as an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke 13,14. In a hospital-based cohort study (n: 206,554), the relationship between MPV quintiles and vascular mortality was assessed. In patients with MPV ≥11.01 fL (highest quintile), vascular mortality was shown to be at the highest level in patients with MPV below 8.7 fL. This increased risk is beginning to become evident in the values above the MPV of 9.61 fL. 15. Also in a study performed by Berger and colleagues in 6354 patients 16, a positive correlation was found between MPV and peripheral artery disease. The above data pertain purely to arterial thromboembolism. There are limited such data concerning venous thromboembolism.

    In Tromsø study conducted by Braekkan et al. 17 on 25923 patients, it was shown that there was a correlation between acute unprovoked venous thromboembolism and increased MPV (≥9.5fL) values. In a study on platelets indices on 2013 patients with acute deep vein thrombosis; Cay et al. 18 found that MPV values were higher than the control group and they stated that the presence of DVT may be closely related to increased platelet activation. Similarly Gulcan et al. 19 found that MPV values in newly diagnosed acute DVT patients were significantly higher than in the control group. In a study, including 147 patients, examining the relationship between acute deep vein thrombosis and mean platelet volume in patients staying hospital, MPV values were found as high in these patients and it was suggested that this was an independent predictor 20. In another study examining the relationship between recurrent pulmonary embolism and platelet indices, the MPV and PDW values in recurrent cases were detected significantly higher than in non-recurrent cases. In addition, recurrent pulmonary embolism cases after treatment showed that MPV was still higher than those who did not recur. As a result, it has been determined that MPV may be an indicator for recurrent pulmonary embolism and may be useful for predicting recurrence 21.

    As it can be seen in these studies, there is a positive relationship between acute deep vein thrombosis and MPV values. However, in our examination of the literature, no study was found related to the relationship between MPV and recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Mean platelet volume values in this study; the MPV value in the acute phase (MPV1) in the patient group was measured as 10.24±1.83 fL on average and it was found to be significantly higher than the control group (mean value: 9.03±1.02) (P= 0.002) The mean platelet values in the recurrent periods of the patients (MPV2) were measured as 10.93±1.44 fL, which was higher in the mean level than the control group (P<0.001). MPV2 values were found to be significantly higher than MPV1 values in patients with acute and recurrent DVT (P<0.001).

    PDW; measures the size of platelets and is another indicator of platelet activation at the same time 22. Increased PDW levels have been reported in myeloproliferative diseases, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease 23.

    Some authors have indicated that high PDW is associated with platelet anisocytosis and have suggested that this anisocytosis may be related to the formation of pseudopodia. Khandekar et al. 23 have found that the PDW is higher in patients with acute ST-segment elevation than in those with stable coronary artery disease. Celik et al. 24 have suggested that the PDW is an independent correlate of in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events. In addition, Rechkinski et al. 25 have reported that the PDW is an independent risk factor for cardiac mortality and either death, recurrent MI or the need for an additional revascularization procedure. Further, Jindal et al. 26 have reported that the PDW is significantly increased in diabetic patients, and these authors have stressed that it may be even higher in patients who have developed microvascular complications.

    There are few studies showing the relationship between platelet distribution width and venous thromboembolism. In a study of Kamisli and et al. 27 it was demonstrated that elevated MPV and PDW values in patients with cerebral sinus venosus thrombosis at early phase and this was related with the severity of the disease and the extent of parenchymal lesions.

    In a study completed by Sevuk and et al. 28, they found that MPV and PDW values in acute DVT patients were higher than the control group. They also showed that MPV and PDW values were significantly higher in patients with acute DVT and pulmonary embolism compared to patients with DVT alone, and the serial MPV and PDW measurements and percent changes in these parameters may be a useful marker for pulmonary embolism after acute DVT.

    As it was mentioned before, in a study fulfilled by Araz et al. 21, MPV and PDW values in recurrent pulmonary embolism cases were found significantly higher than non-recurrent cases.

    In this study platelets distribution volume values in the acute phase in the patient group (PDW1) was measured as 16.54±3.07fL on average and it was found to be significantly higher than the control group (average value: 10.34±1.02 fL) (P<0.001). However, the mean PDW values (PDW2) of the patients in the recurrent period were measured as 15.75±3.39 fL, which was found to be higher in the average level than the control group (P<0.001). There was no meaningful difference found in PDW data between acute and recurrent periods in the patient group (P= 0.079).

    In the light of literature and our study findings; the increased mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width values during platelet activation play a role at the development of unprovoked acute and recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Beside the platelet distribution width is more specific parameter than mean platelet volume; the evaluation of MPV and PDW together may provide a more effective idea for venous thrombosis predisposition. We consider that the antiagregan treatment as continuous therapy after the end of anticoagulant treatment of deep vein thrombosis may be useful in the prevention of recurrence.

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    17) Braekkan SK, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, et al. Mean platelet volume is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism: The Tromso Study, Tromso, Norway. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:157-162.

    18) Cay N, Ipek A, Gumus M, et al. Platelet activity indices in patients with deep vein thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012;18:206-210.

    19) Gulcan M, Varol E, Etli M, et al. Mean platelet volume is increased in patients with deep vein thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012;18:427-430.

    20) Cil H, Yavuz C, Islamoglu Y, et al. Platelet count and mean platelet volume in patients with in-hospital deep venous thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012;18:650-653.

    21) Araz O, Albez FS, Ucar EY, et al. Predictive Value of Mean Platelet Volume for Pulmonary Embolism Recurrence. Lung 2017;195:497-502.

    22) Vagdatli E, Gounari E, Lazaridou E, et al. Platelet distribution width: A simple, practical and specific marker of activation of coagulation. Hippokratia 2010;14:28-32.

    23) Khandekar MM, Khurana AS, Deshmukh SD, et al. Platelet volume indices in patients with coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction: An Indian scenario. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:146-149.

    24) Celik T, Kaya MG, Akpek M, et al. Predictive value of admission platelet volume indices for in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Angiology 2015; 66: 155-162.

    25) Rechcinski T, Jasinska A, Forys J, et al. Prognostic value of platelet indices after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiol J 2013; 20: 491-498.

    26) Jindal S, Gupta S, Gupta R. et al. Platelet indices in diabetes mellitus: indicators of diabetic microvascular complications. Hematology 2011; 16: 86-89.

    27) Kamisli O, Kamisli S, Kablan Y, et al. The prognostic value of an increased mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in the early phase of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2013;19:29-32.

    28) Sevuk U, Bahadir MV, Altindag R, et al. Value of serial platelet indices measurements for the prediction of pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:1243-1249.

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