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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi
2023, Cilt 37, Sayı 3, Sayfa(lar) 206-209
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Şiddetli Preeklampside Magnezyum Sülfatın QT Dispersiyonu Üzerine Etkisi
Şeyda YAVUZKIR1, Melike ASLAN1, Nurdan YURT1, Mustafa YAVUZKIR2
1Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Elazig, TURKIYE
2Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Elazig, TURKIYE
Anahtar Kelimeler: Elektrokardiyografi, magnezyum sülfat, şiddetli preeklampsi
Özet
Amaç: Şiddetli Preeklampsili hastalarda EKG deki QT mesafesini hesaplamak ve tedavide verilen magnezyum sülfatın QT dispersiyonu (QTD) üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Şiddetli preeklampsi olan 30 gebe ve benzer yaş aralığı ve gebelik haftasında olan, herhangi bir sistemik hastalık ve gebelikle ilişkili komplikasyonların görülmediği 30 gebe kontrol grubu olarak çalışmaya alındı. Tüm olguların 12 kanallı EKG leri çekildi, kaydedildi. Düzeltilmiş QT (QTc) aralığı hesaplandı.

Bulgular: Şiddetli preeklemtik olguların QTc dispersiyonu 49.35±3.33 msn olarak ölçüldü. Kontrol grubunun QTc dispersiyonu 31.39±0.91msn olarak ölçüldü. Preeklampsi ve kontrol grubu arasında anlamlı istatiksel fark izlendi. (p<0.001). Magnezyum sülfat sonrası şiddetli preeklemtik gebelerde QTc dispersiyonu 33.43±1.13 msn geriledi (p<0.001).

Sonuç: Şiddetli preeklemsi QTc dispersiyonunu belirgin olarak artırmaktadır. Tedavide Magnesium Sülfat verilmesi QT dispersiyonunu olumlu olarak etkilemektedir.
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    Preeclampsia is a syndrome that affects approximately 3%–5% of pregnant women and is characterized by multisystem involvement1. However, its physiopathology has not been clearly elucidated. Preeclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy and manifests itself in the form of hypertension and increased protein excretion in the urine1,2. Preeclampsia may cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGG), oligohydramnios, abruption of placenta, premature labor, and maternal and fetal death3,5. QT dispersion (QTd) is found by measuring the difference between the longest QT interval and the shortest QT interval on electrocardiography6. QTd indicates changes in myocardial repolarization. Increased QTd indicates impaired ventricular homogeneity. This may lead to life-threatening ventricular rhythm disturbances and sudden death6-8. Magnesium sulfate is an ideal drug for the prevention and treatment of eclampsia and its use is recommended by the World Health Organization9-10.

    QTd in severely preeclamptic pregnant women that were administered magnesium sulfate has not been previously studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on QTd in preeclamptic pregnant women.
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    In this retrospective study, after obtaining the Ethics Committee approval of our University, 60 pregnant women who were followed up and treated in our gynecology and obstetrics clinic between 2019 and 2020 were included. Thirty pregnant women with severe preeclampsia who were followed up and treated, along with 30 healthy pregnant women of similar gestational age in the third trimester of pregnancy without any chronic disease and pregnancy-related complications were included. A signed informed consent form was obtained from all the patients.

    The patients with at least one of the symptoms of a systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure >110 mm Hg; thrombocytopenia (<100000/microliter); impaired liver function (increase of liver transaminases [ALT and AST] up to twice the normal concentration, abdominal pain); progressive renal failure (creatinine concentration >1.2 mg/dL or doubling of serum creatinine concentration in the absence of another renal disease); pulmonary edema; brain and visual symptoms were included in the severe preeclampsia group1,11. Routine blood biochemical samples (glucose, renal function tests, liver function tests, and electrolytes etc.) were measured with Siemens ADVIA 2400 analyzer (Siemens Healthineers, Berlin, Germany) using appropriate methods.

    MgSO4 treatment protocol in severe pre-eclampsia: MgSO4 infusion was administered to pregnant women diagnosed with severe preeclampsia according to the intravenous treatment protocol of Zuspan regimen12 with a loading dose of 4–6 g given intravenously for over 15 minutes followed by a dose of 1–2 g/hour. Normal serum magnesium level in pregnancy is 1.5–2.5 mg/dL. Therapeutic serum magnesium level in severe preeclampsia is 4.3–8.4 mg/dL. When the serum level is >9 mg/dL, there is a risk of magnesium toxicity13. Because of the risk of magnesium toxicity, blood magnesium level, hourly patella reflex, respiratory rate, and urine output were monitored.

    QT Measurement: Standard 12-lead ECGs (25 mm/sec, 10 mm/mV) of the pregnant women included in the study were obtained before MgSO4 treatment and during MgSO4 maintenance infusion. The interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave was calculated as the QT interval. No measurements were taken at the leads where the end of the T wave was uncertain. Bazett formula (QT [ms]/RR [sec]1/2) was used for heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) measurement7. QTd was defined as the difference between the longest and shortest QT intervals in one of the 12 leads. Corrected QT dispersion (QTcD) was measured in a minimum of eight leads, four of which had to be precordial leads. ECGs scanned at high resolution were transferred to a computer and measured.

    Exclusion criteria were determined as having a twin pregnancy, intrauterine fetal mortality, thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and diagnosed heart disease.

    Statistics: Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21.0 package (Chicago, Illinois, USA). The data were calculated as “mean±standard deviation. Normal distribution test used. The t-test was used to compare the data and p<0.05 was considered significant.
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    The mean age of the patients included in the study was 28±6.2 years and the mean gestational age was 37.4±1.3 weeks. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gestational week. The routine evaluation of ECGs in both groups was mostly non-pathologic and there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pathologic findings considered. There was no history of arrhythmia in both groups and no rhythm disturbances were encountered during follow-ups. In the preeclamptic patients, the longest QTc duration was 446.20±24.82 msec, the shortest QTc duration was 396.85±21.49 msec, and QTcD was 49.35±3.33 msec. In the control group, the longest QTc duration was 423.24±34.82 msec, the shortest QTc duration was 391.85±33.89 msec, and QTcD was 31.39±0.91 msec. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of QTc and QTcD (p<.001). In the preeclamptic pregnant women who received magnesium sulfate, the maximum QTc duration was 429.28±22.62 msec, the minimum QTc duration was 395.85±21.49 msec, and QTcD was 33.43±1.13 msec (p<0.001). QTcD was shorter in patients receiving MgSO4 treatment.


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Table 1: Preeclamptic and healthy pregnants datas

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    In this study, we found that preeclampsia increased QTcD, which indicates regional heterogeneity in myocardial repolarization, while magnesium administered in treatment significantly decreased QTc dispersion. The autonomic, hemodynamic, and hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy, especially the increase in blood volume and the increase in estrogen hormone levels, may trigger arrhythmias by stretching the myocardium and increasing sympathetic tone14-17. These physiopathological changes may contribute to the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias by directly affecting myocardial repolarization17. In addition, many studies have shown the presence of various steroidal sex hormone receptors in the heart. The effect of hormonal changes during pregnancy on the heart suggests that pregnancy may contribute to the proarrhythmic effect of pregnancy16,17. QT and QTc, which indicate cardiac repolarization, are longer in women compared to men in adulthood18. Therefore, women are more prone to arrhythmogenic conditions, especially torsades de pointes19. These sex differences are thought to be caused by the effect of sex hormones, especially androgens, on ventricular repolarization. Moreover, virilized women exhibited QTc intervals similar to those of healthy men, while castrated men had QTc intervals similar to normal women20. These results explain why the repolarization time in women is longer. For this reason, female sex is an independent risk factor in terms of syncope and “torsade de pointes” in patients with hereditary long QT syndrome14. It is possible that preeclampsia has a significant effect on ventricular repolarization. However, a previous prospective study showed a markedly longer QTc interval in women who developed eclampsia21. The heterogeneity of the ventricular repolarization phase underlies the electrophysiological changes that occur during preeclampsia, even in the absence of symptoms. Previous studies have focused on the effect of preeclampsia on heart rate variability and have shown a state of sympathetic hyperactivity, especially before the onset of symptoms22. Electrophysiologic cardiac changes may result from increased hemodynamic stress on the cardiovascular system due to elevated systolic blood pressure. However, high levels of circulating mediators may also have a specific role during preeclampsia23. In this study, both QT and QTc intervals were longer in preeclamptic women than in the control group. Magnesium sulfate is an ideal drug for the prevention and treatment of eclampsia11,14. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate given during preeclampsia on QTcD. Serum magnesium and potassium levels may affect QTcD, but no electrolyte imbalance was observed between the groups in our study. Some studies have reported conflicting results of magnesium sulfate on QTcD. Nakaigawa et al.24 and Grin J et al.25 claimed that magnesium sulfate affects cardiac repolarization by causing hypokalemia. In our study, hypokalemia was not observed in patients that were administered magnesium sulfate.

    Gurfinkel et al.26 reported that magnesium sulfate improved myocardial heterogeneity and prevented proarrhythmia. Changing ECG parameters such as QTc and QTcD with treatment will have a positive effect on placental blood flow in preeclamptic women and prevent maternal and fetal complications.

    As a result, preeclampsia causes alteration of ventricular repolarization as evidenced by prolongation of ECG parameters such as QT and QTcD. Preeclampsia appears to be the only determinant of increased QTcD. Although these changes are mostly asymptomatic, clinical assessment of ventricular repolarization in preeclamptic women can be performed simply with a non-invasive 12-lead ECG. In these cases, magnesium sulfate corrects ventricular repolarization abnormalities and improves placental blood flow.
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    1) Saleem S, McClure EM, Goudar SS, et al. The global network maternal newborn health registry study ınvestigators a prospective study of maternal, fetal and neonatal deaths in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2014: 92; 605-612.

    2) American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 1122-1131.

    3) Ananth CV, Keyes KM, Wapner RJ. Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: Age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f6564.

    4) Roberts JM, Taylor RN, Musci TJ, et al. Preeclampsia: An endothelial cell disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1200-1204.

    5) Souza JP, Gülmezoglu AM, Vogel J, et al. Moving beyond essential interventions for reduction of maternal mortality (the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health): A cross-sectional study. Lancet 2013: 3811747-3811755.

    6) Macfarlane PW, McLaughlin SC, Rodger JC. Influence of lead selection and population on automated measurement of QT dispersion. Circulation 1998; 98: 2160-2167.

    7) Tran H, White CM, Chow MS, Kluger J. An evaluation of the impact of gender and age on QT dispersion in healthy subjects. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2001; 6: 129-133.

    8) Malik M, Batchvarov VN. Measurement, interpretation and clinical potential of QT dispersion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1749-1766. 10) Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The magpie trial: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1877-1890.

    11) Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 181-192.

    12) Zuspan FP. Problems encountered in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 131: 591.

    13) Madazlı R, Şen C, Ocak V. Eklampsi’de klinik yönetim. Perinatoloji Dergisi 1993; 1: 45-49.

    14) Wolbrette D. Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Curr Womens Health Rep 2003; 3: 135-139.

    15) Warnes CA. Pregnancy and heart disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. (Editors). Braunwald’s Heart Disease. 9th Edition, Philadelphia: Saunders, 2012: 1771-1778.

    16) Widerhorn J, Widerhorn ALM, Rahimtoola SH, Elkayam U. WPW syndrome in pregnancy: Increased incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 796-798.

    17) McGill HC, Sheridan PJ. Nuclear uptake of sex steroid hormones in the cardiovascular system of the baboon. Circulation Research 1981; 48: 238-244.

    18) Pham TV, Rosen MR. Sex, hormones, and repolarization. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 53: 740-751.

    19) Wolbrette D. Gender differences in the proarrhythmic potential of QT-prolonging drugs. Current Womens Health Reports 2002; 2: 105-109.

    20) Bidoggia H, Maciel J, Capalozza N, et al. Sex differences on the electrocardiographic pattern of cardiac repolarization: Possible role of testosterone. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 678-683.

    21) Isezuo SA, Ekele BA. Eclampsia and abnormal QTc. West Afr J Med 2004; 23: 123-127.

    22) Fischer T, Schobel HP, Frank H, et al. Pregnancy-induced sympathetic overactivity: A precursor of preeclampsia. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34: 443-448.

    23) Baumert M, Seeck A, Faber R, Nalivaiko E, Voss A. Longitudinal changes in QT interval variability and rate adaptation in pregnancies with normal and abnormal uterine perfusion. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 555-560.

    24) Nakaigawa Y, Akazawa S, Shimizu R, et al. Effects of magnesium sulphate on the cardiovascular system, coronary circulation and myocardial metabolism in anaesthetized dogs. Br J Anaesth 1997; 793: 363-368.

    25) Grin J, Pellizzón OA, Raynald A. Mechanisms involved in the antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic effects of magnesium. Medicina (B Aires) 1996; 56: 231-240.

    26) Gurfinkel E, Pazos AA, Mautner B. Abnormal QT intervals associated with negative T waves induced by antiarrhythmic drugs are rapidly reduced using magnesium sulfate as an antidote. Clin Cardiol 1993; 16: 35-38.
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