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Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences (Veterinary)
2026, Cilt 40, Sayı 2, Sayfa(lar) 188-197
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Effects of Morus alba Extract on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Nonylphenol- and Bisphenol A-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Brain
Muhammed ETYEMEZ1, Sedat GÖKMEN2, Musa TATAR3, Mehmet Sait ATAR3, Çağatay SALUM1, Yasin AKKEMİK4, Veysel DOĞAN5, Kıymet Kübra TÜFEKCİ6
1Kastamonu University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kastamonu, TÜRKİYE
2Kastamonu University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kastamonu, TÜRKİYE
3Kastamonu University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kastamonu, TÜRKİYE
4Kastamonu University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Kastamonu, TÜRKİYE
5Kastamonu University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Kastamonu, TÜRKİYE
6Kastamonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kastamonu, TÜRKİYE
Keywords: Bisphenol A, nonylphenol, Morus alba extract, antioxidant, brain, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation

Endocrine disruptors cause temporary and permanent effects in animals and humans by disrupting internal hormonal balance and causing oxidative damage to cells. Among endocrine disruptors, Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol (NP) are two members with the most significant risk potential for neurotoxicity. White mulberry (Morus alba (MA)) is among the fruits consumed worldwide. Scientific research has shown various pharmacological effects of white mulberry fruit extract, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, anticancer, anti-anxiety, hypolipidemic, and antidiuretic properties. In our study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of MA extract was investigated against the oxidative and inflammatory effects of BPA and NP, administered separately and in combination, on the brain. For this purpose, 48 male Wistar albino rats were experimentally grouped, and all substances (BPA 100 mg/kg, NP 100 mg/kg, MA extract 0.5 mL/kg) were administered orally via gavage. Lipid peroxidation marker MDA levels and antioxidant markers GSH, GPx, and CAT activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Inflammation markers IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were determined using ELISA. Our results showed that BPA (p=0.009) and NP (p=0.0006), when administered separately and together (p=0.0001), increased MDA levels, while they decreased GSH (p=0.014) and CAT (p=0.002) activity when administered together (BPA+NP). MA extract generally reduced MDA levels (p=0.031) and may positively affect GSH and CAT activities. The BPA+NP group increased the analyzed inflammation parameters (respectively, p=0.01, 0.001, 0.0001), while the extract specifically decreased IL-1β values (p=0.047). In the cerebral cortex, degeneration and perineuronal edema were observed in neuronal and neuroglial cells in the BPA+NP groups, while MA extract somewhat normalized these levels. BPA was more effective in oxidative damage, while NP was more dominant in triggering inflammation. Its synergistic effect resulted in a high level of neurotoxicity. MA extract prevented lipid peroxidation and exhibited more anti-inflammatory properties. It is hypothesized that further investigation of these effects on different or similar intracellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways through gene and protein expression and behavioral tests could be beneficial.

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