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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi
2007, Cilt 21, Sayı 4, Sayfa(lar) 159-162
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The Different Between Methods and Determining of Metabolisable Energy Levels with Enzyme and Gas Techniques in Concentrate Feeds
Pınar Tatlı SEVEN, İbrahim Halil ÇERÇİ, Mehmet Ali AZMAN
Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hasalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ-TÜRKİYE
Keywords: In vitro methods, metabolizable energy, ruminant
Summary
This study was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy (ME) levels of some concentrates and to investigate the differences between enzyme and gas techniques.

This investigation was carried out with totally 35 concentrate feed samples; oat (5), barley (5), corn(5), wheat (5) soybean meal (5), cottonseed meal (5), sun flower meal (5). All the 35 samples were collected from different regions of Turkey. Enzyme and gas techniques were used to identify the levels of metabolisable energy (ME) of the feeds. ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal with the enzyme technique were determined as 2083.10, 2394.68, 2399.00, 2391.68, 1882.37, 1748.50 and 1847.24 kcal/ kg DM, respectively. ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal with gas technique for 24 h incubations were found as 2880, 3060, 2940, 2450, 2250, 2090 and 2130 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The ME values of 48 h incubations of feedstuffs in gas techniques were found as 3370, 3580, 3460, 3060, 2740, 2690, 2320 kcal/kg DM, respectively.

According to the results of this study, gas technique was found more utilizable than enzyme technique to determine metabolizable energy levels of ruminant feeds.
  • Top
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Disscussion
  • References
    • Introduction
    The evaluation quality of feeds is important for the prediction of animal performance. In vivo measurements are expensive and there are difficulties associated with the procedures 1. For these reasons, different corresponding techniques have been developed. The energy value of feeds can be determined by enzymatic methods which do not require rumen fluid, and gas technique 2,3. The digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) value of feedstuffs are affected by many chemical factors. The loss of potentially digestible material depends on animal species, physical form of the feed, and the ability of the feed and animal supply of elements required by the rumen microflora for maximum digestion. However, this loss is relatively small, it is unlikely to invalidate any conclusions regarding the effect of chemical composition on the digestibility and ME value of feedstuffs 4. For many purposes quick and inexpensive laboratory methods of predicting digestibility are required. In vitro methods usually predict in vivo digestibility with a lower error than any other chemical method 5,6.

    This study was conducted so as to determine the ME levels of some concentrates and to investigate the difference between enzyme and gas methods.
  • Top
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Disscussion
  • References
    • Methods
    Feed Samples and Chemical Analysis

    The investigation was carried out with 35 concentrate feeds - oat 5, barley 5, corn 5 wheat 5, soybean meal 5, cottonseed meal 5, sunflower meal 5 collected from different regions of Turkey. Chemical composition of the feeds is shown in Table 1.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Table 1: The chemical composition of the feeds (DM, %).

    Feed samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE) and ash following the procedures described by A.O.A.C.7. Crude fibre (CF) analysis was performed as described by Crampton and Maynard 8.

    In vitro enzyme technique

    In this study, the cellulose (Trichoderma viride, Sigma C-9422), hemicellulases (Aspergillus niger, Sigma H-2125), amylase (extracted porcine pancreas, Sigma A-3176) and pepsin (Merck, 7190-2000 FIP-U/g) were used. All procedures were carried out according to D'Orleans et al., 9, Aufrère 10 and Sauvant et al. 11. The results were expressed as the digestibility of 24 h incubation.

    In vitro gas technique

    To take the rumen liquid, three ruminally fistulated sheep (two years old and with body weight of average 60kg, fed daily with a 900g good quality alfalfa hay and 300g concentrate diet) were used. Water and trace mineralized salt were available at all times. Gas production levels of feeds samples were estimated at incubation times 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. Gas technique was used Menke and Steingass 12's method.

    Statistical analysis

    Means and standard deviations of feed's chemical compositions and ME values of feeds, and t test values used to determine the differences between ME values of feeds were determined at SPSS packet program 13. t test results were considered as significant when p values were less than 0.05.
  • Top
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Disscussion
  • References
    • Results
    ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal with the enzyme technique were determined as 2083.10, 2394.68, 2399.00, 2391.68, 1882.37, 1748.50 and 1847.24 kcal/ kg DM, respectively. ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal with gas technique were found as 2880, 3060, 2940, 2450, 2250, 2090 and 2130 kcal/kg DM, respectively (Table 2). The metabolisable energy values of 48 h incubations of feedstuffs in gas techniques were shown in Table 3.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Table 2: The metabolisable energy values of 24 h incubations of feedstuffs in enzyme and gas techniques.


    Click Here to Zoom    		 Table 3: The metabolisable energy values of 48 h incubations of feedstuffs in gas technique.

  • Top
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Disscussion
  • References
    • Discussion
    ME values determined with especially enzyme technique were found lower than National Research Council (NRC) 14 values in this study. This may be due to different feed sources and enzymes used in studies which could change the research results 5. Stern et al. 15 reported that in the enzyme technique, enzyme activities in medium might be insufficient in comparison to those in ruminal medium. ME values determined by gas technique in incubations of 24 h were found generally higher than enzyme technique's. Çerçi et al. 16 reported that generally significant relations between ME and feed components with enzyme and gas technique were found, but grain feeds were not effective in determining of the prediction of the quality of feeds. In addition, they informed that positive high relationships between enzyme and gas techniques in the forages and protein sources were often found. Sileshi et al. 17 reported that nutrient components of feeds affected ME levels determined with gas technique. Nevertheless, Cone 18 has reported that a lower correlation has been found between the techniques when different enzymes were used in the same study. In this study, of which reasons are found different both enzyme technique and gas technique's of ME values than NRC 14 values may be due to nutrient components, used enzyme and incubation time 16,17. ME values determined by gas technique in incubations of 48 h were found closer to those of NRC (Table 3)14. Incubation time were affected ME values of concentrates. In gas technique, rumen liquid's activity has an important role. It was announced that 12 different results might be found in same samples in gas technique, because it is needed many good conditions such as suited animal election, given feed amount to the animal and transported of rumen liquid in aneorobic conditions. In an another study 19, it was found to be 2.96, 3.09, 3.08, 2.58, 2.77, 2.13 and 1.87 Mcal/kg DM, respectively of barley, wheat, corn, oat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal in incubations of 24 h in gas test. These results are agreed on partly with our study results.

    Conclusion

    ME values between enzyme and gas techniques were found significant statistically in concentrates. According to the results of this study, gas technique was found more utilizable than enzyme technique to determine ME levels of ruminant feeds.

    Acknowledgments
    This study was funded by TUBITAK.
  • Top
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
    • References

    1) Tatli Seven P., Çerçi, IH. Relationships between nutrient composition and feed digestibility determined with enzyme and nylon bag (in situ) techniques in feed sources. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2006; 9: 107-103.

    2) Yalçın S. Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. In: Ergün A, Tuncer ŞD (Editors). Yemlerin Sindirilme Derecelerinin Tespiti, Özkan Matbaacılık Ltd., Ankara: 2001: 97-106.

    3) Öğretmen, T., Kılıç A. Geviş getirenlerin beslenmesinde kullanılan önemli bazı yemlerin NEL içeriklerinin in vivo ve in vitro yöntemleri ile saptanması. Doktora Tezi, İzmir: E.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1991.

    4) Minson DJ. Effect of chemical composition on feed digestibility and metabolizable energy. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Series B 1982; 52:591-615.

    5) Brown VE, Rymer C, Agnew RE, et al. Relationship between in vitro gas production profiles of forages and in vivo rumen fermentation patterns in beef steers fed those forages. Animal Feed Sci and Technol 2002;98:13-24.

    6) Tilley JMA, Terry RA. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. The Journal of British Grassland Society 1963;18:104-109.

    7) A.O.A.C. Official Methods of Analysis Association of Agricultural Acedemy Press. Ninth Revised Edition, Washington, DC, 1990.

    8) Crampton EW, Maynard L. The relation of cellulose and lignin content to nutritive value of animal feeds. J Nutr 1983; 15: 383-395.

    9) D'orleans M, Giger S, Sauvant D. Mise Au Point D'une Methode Enzymatique de Pre'vision de la Digestibilite de la Matiere Organique Des Aliments Concentres. Institut National Agronomique.Paris Grignon, 1980.

    10) Aufrere J. Etude de prevision de la digestibilite des fourrages par une methode enzymatique. Ann Zootech 1982; 31: 111-130.

    11) Sauvant D, Aufrere J, Michalet-Doreau B, et al. Nutritive des aliments concentres simples tables et prevision. Bull Tech CRZV Theix, I.N.R.A. 1987;70: 75-89.

    12) Menke KH, Steingass H. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Develop 1988; 28:7-55.

    13) SPSS for Windows, Relased 6.0 June 17, 1993 Copy Right (c. Spss inc. 1989-1993), 1993.

    14) National Research Council: Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 1988.

    15) Stern MD, Bach A, Calsamiglia S. Alternative techniques for measuring nutrient digestion in ruminants. J Anim Sci 1977;75: 2256-2276.

    16) Çerçi İH, Tatli Seven, P, Azman M et al. Relationships between nutrient composition and metabolic energy determined with enzyme and gas technique in feed sources. Folia Veterinaria 2005;49:117-120.

    17) Sileshi Z, Owen E, Dhanoa MS, et al. Prediction of in situ rumen dry disappearance of Ethiopian forages from an in vitro gas production technique using a pressure transducer, chemical analyses on in vitro digestibility. Anim Feed Sci and Tech 1996; 61:73-87.

    18) Cone JW. Degradation of starch in feed concentrates by enzymes, rumen fluid and rumen enzymes. J Sci Food Agric 1991; 54: 23-34.

    19) Şeker E. Ruminant beslemede kullanılan bazı yemlerin enerji değerlerinin gaz-testi yöntemiyle belirlenmesi. I. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, Elazığ, 2001.
  • Top
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
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