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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi
2015, Cilt 29, Sayı 1, Sayfa(lar) 019-021
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Türkiye'nin Bitlis Yöresinde İnsanlara Tutunan Kene Türlerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Ön Bir Çalışma
Mehmet Fatih AYDIN
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi, Sağlık Yüksekokulu, Karaman, TÜRKİYE
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kene, insan, Bitlis, Türkiye
Özet
Bu çalışma 2009 yılı Mayıs ve Ağustos ayları arasında Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu bölgesindeki Bitlis Devlet Hastanesinin Acil Servisine kene tutunma şikâyetiyle başvuran 91 hastadan çıkartılan kene türlerini rapor etmektedir. Keneler hastalardan acil serviste çıkartılmış ve % 70'lik etanol içeren tüplerde saklanmıştır. Kenelerin stereo mikroskop altında morfolojik özelliklerine göre tür teşhisleri yapılmıştır. İnceleme sonucu belirlenen dokuz kene türü şu şekildedir: Rhipicephalus bursa (18/91), Dermacentor marginatus (15/91), Hyalomma anatolicum (12/91), Hyalomma aegyptium (9/91), Haemaphysalis sulcata (9/91), Hyalomma marginatum (6/91), Hyalomma excavatum (6/91), Rhipicephalus sanguineus group (6/91), Haemaphysalis spp. (3/91) ve Hyalomma rufipes (1/91). Buna ek olarak iki Rhipicephalus sp. nimfi ve dört Hyalomma sp. nimfi belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar Bitlis yöresinde insanları enfeste eden kene türleri ile için ilk bilgileri sağlamaktadır. Türkiye'de ve dünya çapında, insanlar ile evcil ve vahşi hayvanları enfeste eden kene türlerinin belirlenmesine yönelik ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
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    Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods that parasitize every class of vertebrates in almost every region of the world. Ticks can cause anemia, toxication, paralysis, irritation, allergies, and secondary infection because of skin lesions. Ticks are biological and mechanical vectors of viral, bacterial, rickettsial, spirochetal, protozoal, and helmintic diseases1-3.

    There are two major tick families; Ixodidae or hard ticks, Argasidae, or soft ticks. A third family, the Nuttalliellidae, is represented by only a single species that is confined to southern Africa. In the world, 907 species (Ixodidae: 720, Argasidae: 186, Nuttalliellidae: 1) of ticks have been recorded4. Also, 32 tick species in two families on human and animals had been detected in Turkey5,6.

    Ticks can transmit approximately 200 diseases to humans and animals. One of the tick transmitted diseases is Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus is transmitted to humans by ticks of the genus Hyalomma, but also through direct contact with blood or tissues of viraemic hosts. It is characterized by extensive ecchymosis, visceral bleeding, and hepatic dysfunction. The disease is endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is an important public health issue in Turkey because of its high mortality rate and distribution7.

    Ticks and tick-borne diseases possess a great importance in Turkey from past to present. It is important to determine tick species on host and environment. This study aims to determine tick species detached from patients who complained tick bite in Emergency service in State Hospital in Bitlis province of Turkey.
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    The ticks were obtained from 91 patients who complained of tick bite in the Emergency Department of Bitlis State Hospital located in the Bitlis province of Turkey between May and August 2009 (Figure 1). The ticks were removed from the patient's body by physicians and stored in tubes containing 70% ethanol. They were identified under a stereo microscope (Olympus SZX16) by its morphological features8,9.


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Figure 1: Location map of the province of Bitlis

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    All humans were found to be infected by one tick species and 91 ticks were collected during the study. Nine tick species were identified as follows: R. bursa (18/91), D. marginatus (15/91), H. anatolicum (12/91), H. aegyptium (9/91), H. sulcata (9/91), H. marginatum (6/91), H. excavatum (6/91), R. sanguineus group (6/91), Haemaphysalis spp. (3/91) and H. rufipes (1/91). In addition to this two Rhipicephalus sp. nymhs and four Hyalomma sp. nymhs were collected (Table 1, Figure 2).


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Table 1: Tick species detected on humans in Bitlis province of Turkey


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Figure 2: Distribution of tick species detected on humans in Bitlis province of Turkey

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    In Turkey some studies have been conducted on tick infestation on humans. As a result of these studies; in Thrace province: H. marginatum, H. aegyptium, H. detritum, Ixodes ricinus R. sanguineus group, R. bursa, Haemaphysalis parva, Haemaphysalis punctata, H. sulcata, D. marginatus, Ornithodoros sp. and Argas sp.10; in Istanbul province: I. ricinus, H. marginatum, H. aegyptium, H. detritum, R. bursa, R. sanguineus and D. marginatus11; in central Black Sea region: H. marginatum, H. detritum, H. excavatum, H. anatolicum, R. bursa, Rhipicephalus turanicus, D. marginatus, I. ricinus and H. punctata12; in Aydın province: H. aegyptium, H. anatolicum, Hyalomma scupense, H. excavatum, H. marginatum, H. rufipes, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, R. bursa, R.sanguineus, R.turanicus, D. marginatus, I. ricinus and H. parva were determined13. Our results consistent with the previous studies and also these results are the first record for tick species in Bitlis province.

    In Turkey 7 Hyalomma species [H. anatolicum, H. excavatum, H. marginatum, H. detritum, Hyalomma dromedarii, H. rufipes, and H. aegyptium] have been recorded5,14. However, the presence of H. rufipes has only been recorded rarely in Turkey, in Eastern Anatolia15. Recently, H. rufipes was detected on cattle in the West Aegean and South Marmara region16,17 and on human in Aydın province of Turkey13. Hyalomma rufipes transmit a variety of protozoal, bacterial and viral agents, such as the CCHF virus, Anaplasma marginale, Rickettsia conorii, and Babesia occultans8.

    In conclusion, this is a preliminary data reported for tick species for humans in the Bitlis province. These results are the first data for tick species in the province. Further studies are warranted for ticks and people should be trained about ticks and tick-borne diseases in the province and thorough the Turkey.

    Acknowledgement
    We thank all the health workers and the staff of the Emergency Service and Microbiology Laboratory of Bitlis State Hospital.
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    1) Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitology 2004; 129: 3-14.

    2) Aktas M, Vatansever Z, Altay K, Aydin MF, Dumanli N. Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilium in Ixodes ricinus from Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104: 10-15.

    3) Aydin MF, Aktas M, Dumanli N. Molecular identification of Theileria and Babesia in ticks collected from sheep and goats in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Parasitol Res 2015; 114: 65-69.

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    5) Aydin L, Bakirci S. Geographical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res 2007; 101: 163-166.

    6) Dumanlı N, Altay K, Aydin MF. Tick species of cattle, sheep and goats in Turkey. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci 2012; 3: 67-72.

    7) Ergonul O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis 2006; 6: 203-214.

    8) Estrada-Pena A, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Walker AR. Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Mediterranean Region: A Guide to Identification of Species. 1st Edition, Zaragoza: Spain, 2004.

    9) Merdivenci A. Türkiye Keneleri Üzerine Araştırmalar. 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Kutulmuş Matbaası, 1969.

    10) Gargili A, Kar S, Yılmazer N, et al. Evaluation of ticks biting humans in Thrace Province, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010; 16(A): 141-146.

    11) Vatansever Z, Gargili A, Aysul NS, et al. Ticks biting humans in the urban area of Istanbul. Parasitol Res 2008; 102: 551-553.

    12) Umur S, Hokelek M, Acici M, Gurler AT, Beyhan YE. Orta Karadeniz Bölgesinde İnsanlarda Isırık Şikayetiyle Getirilen Kene Türleri. XV. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi. Kayseri / Ürgüp, 18-23 Kasım 2007.

    13) Bakirci S, Aysul N, Eren H, Unlu AH, Karagenc T. Diversity of ticks biting humans in Aydın province of Turkey Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2014; 61: 93-98.

    14) Aydin MF, Aktas M, Dumanli N. Tick infestations on sheep and goats in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2012; 18(Suppl-A): A17-A22.

    15) Hoogstraal H. African Ixodoidea. I Ticks of the Sudan. U.S. Naval Medical Research No: 3. Egypt: Unit Cairo, 1956.

    16) Bakirci S, Sarali H, Aydin L, et al. Hyalomma rufipes (Koch, 1844) infesting cattle in the West Aegean region of Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2011; 35: 359-363.

    17) Yesilbag K, Aydin L, Dincer E, et al. Tick survey and detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in tick species from a non-endemic area, South Marmara region, Turkey. Exp Appl Acarol 2013; 60: 253-261.
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