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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi
2009, Cilt 23, Sayı 3, Sayfa(lar) 161-166
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Karanfil Ekstraktının Etlik Piliçlerde Performans ve Ham Besin Maddelerinin Sindirilme Derecesi Üzerine Etkisi
Bestami DALKILIÇ1, Talat GÜLER2
1Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, İl Tarım Müdürlüğü, Kilis, TÜRKİYE
2Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ, TÜRKİYE
Anahtar Kelimeler: Karanfil ekstraktı, antibiyotik, performans, sindirilebilirlik, etlik piliç
Özet
Bu araştırmada, temel rasyona farklı dozlarda ilave edilen karanfil ekstraktının etlik piliçlerin performansını ve ham besin maddelerinin sindirilme derecesini ne ölçüde etkileyeceği ve antibiyotik yem katkılarına alternatif olup olamayacağının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, her grupta 60 adet olmak üzere beş grupta toplam 300 adet 3 günlük yaşta ticari etlik civciv (Ross–308) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca grupların her biri 20'şer adet civciv içeren 3'er alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Rasyonlara katılan karanfil ekstraktı ve antibiyotik deneme gruplarını oluşturmuştur. Deneme grupları temel rasyona 100, 200, 400 ppm karanfil ekstraktı ve 10 ppm antibiyotik (Avilamisin) katılarak oluşturulmuştur. Canlı ağırlık ve günlük canlı ağırlık artışları bakımından gruplar arasında 7. ve 21. gün tartımlarında 400 ppm karanfil ekstraktı ve antibiyotik gruplarında iyileşme tespit edilirken, diğer dönemlerde elde edilen farklılıklar istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Yem tüketimi bakımından 4. haftada 400 ppm karanfil ekstraktı ve antibiyotik gruplarında iyileşme tespit edilirken, diğer haftalarda gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir. En iyi yemden yararlanma oranı 400 ppm karanfil ekstraktı grupbunda tespit edilmiş olup, 1., 3., 4. ve 1-6. haftalarda gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Kuru madde, ham protein ve ham yağ sindirilebilirliği bakımından gruplar arası farklılık istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. En iyi sindirilme dereceleri 400 ppm karanfil ekstraktı ve antibiyotik ilave edilen gruplarda tespit edilirken, bunları 200, 100 ppm karanfil ekstraktı ilave edilen ve kontrol grupları izlemiştir. Sonuç olarak; karanfil ekstraktının performans ve sindirim üzerine olan olumlu etkisi, doğal ve güvenilir olması nedeni ile antibiyotiklere alternatif olarak etlik piliç rasyonlarında 400 ppm dozda kullanılabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.
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    The practice of feeding livestock with subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics has been in use for over fifty years. Antibiotics affect microflora by influencing on the metabolism of the microorganisms, and suppress pathogen microbial growth in the gut1. Usage of antibiotics has negative effects on animals and production such as residua in tissues, withdrawal period, and development of resistance in microorganisms. Therefore, the use of antibiotic growth promoters has been banned in many countries, especially in the European Union1.

    However, antibiotic growth promoters have been banned by Ministry of Agriculture in Turkey with an announcement that published in 20062. As a result, new commercial additives of plant origin, considered to be natural products that consumers would accept, have been proposed to livestock producers. Herbs, spices, and various plant extracts have received increased attention as possible antibiotic growth promoter replacements. In this view, aromatic plants and essential oils extracted from these plants became interesting due to their antimicrobial3, antioxidant4 effects and their stimulating effects on animal performance5-8 and digestive enzymes9.

    The observed effects of aromatic plants and their extracts on growth performance in chickens are either positive5-8,10 or non-significant11-14. When the effect was positive, weight gain and feed intake were increased whereas the feed:gain ratio was lowered when compared to control. Dietary essential oils can also improve digestion. A number of studies have reported the positive effect of spices or their active components on digestion process. They have been shown to stimulate bile salt secretion and digestive enzyme activities of intestinal mucosa and of pancreas10,11,15.

    Clove extract is commonly used in the food industry because of its special aroma and natural safety. In addition, the essential oil from clove also exhibited strong antibacterial properties. Antiseptic, appetite and digestion stimulant10, strong antimicrobial and antifungal16, analgesic and anti-inflammatory17, anesthetic18, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic19, antiparasitic20 and antioxidant4 activities of clove and its ingredients have been reported. Clove extract has been studied very few as a performance enhancer. In this study, we aimed the use of clove extract in animal nutrition as a natural growth promoting substance instead of antibiotics. For this purpose, the different level of clove extract were added in standard diet, and studied to determine of effect on performance compared to control and antibiotic groups.
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    Animals, Diets and Experimental Design: Three hundred 3-day old broilers (Ross-308) obtained from a local hatchery were randomly divided into five treatment groups of 60 birds in each group that varied according to their diets. Each treatment group was further sub-divided into three regular replicates in a way to equal live weight and gender. Birds were fed a basal diet (Control), or basal diet supplemented with 10 ppm antibiotic (Avilamycin, Kartal chem., TURKEY), 100, 200 and 400 ppm clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum) (Ozdrog Co., Hatay, TURKEY). Clove extract was dissolved in vegetable oil and then gently added to the standard diets for preparing clove groups. The diets were prepared freshly each day. Research rations were prepared according to NRC21 standards and the ingredients and chemical composition of the diets are shown in Table 1. Fresh feed and water were provided daily at 08.00 h and were available ad libitum. Experiment was continued 42 days (from 3 to 45 d of age).


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Table 1: Ingredient and chemical composition of standard diets (%).

    Body weights were recorded weekly. Feed intake per pen was measured throughout the experiment and the feed:gain ratio was calculated on a pen weight basis. Mortality and BW of dead birds were recorded daily.

    Digestibility of nutrients was determined by method of acid-insoluble ash (as natural indicator). During the last 7 d (35 to 42 d) of the experiment, excreta from each cage were collected quantitatively and daily. Excreta were dried at 80°C until constant weight, homogenized, and sampled by cage. Diet and excreta were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen.

    Chemical Analysis: Chemical composition of feed ingredients and feces samples (dry matter, crude protein, ash and ether extract) were analyzed according to the AOAC22 procedures, acid-insoluble ash was determined by the methods of Vogtmann et al.23 and crude fiber was determined by the methods of Crampton and Maynard24.

    Statistical Analysis
    Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and when significant differences were obtained, means were further subjected to Duncan’s multiple range test by using SPSS for Windows: 11.5, SPSS inc.25. Mortality rates were subjected to Chi-square test at the Crosstabs model of SPSS. The results were considered as significant when P values were less than 0.05 and 0.01.
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    In general, no differences in body weights, body weight gain, feed intake or mortality rate were observed in broilers fed with different diets (Table 2). From 0 to 21 d of experiment, broilers fed the 400 ppm clove extract and antibiotic diet grew faster than the broilers fed the control. But, differences were statistically important in feed:gain ratio from 0 to 21 d and 0 to 42 d of experiment. The best performance levels were observed from the broiler fed the 400 ppm clove extract diet and antibiotic, 200 ppm clove extract, 100 ppm clove extract and control groups were followed respectively. The 3 to 6 weeks of the trial, no differences in BW, BW gain, feed intake, or feed:gain ratio were observed.


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Table 2: Effect of antibiotic and clove extract on performance of broilers, (Mean±SEM)1

    Antibiotic and plant extract supplementation improved apparent whole-tract digestibility of the nutrients (Table 3). Antibiotic and 400 ppm clove extract supplementation improved apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter (P < 0.05), crude protein (P < 0.05) and ether extract (P < 0.01). Thus, increased digestibility of the nutrients with dose dependent of clove extract supplementation was observed.


    Büyütmek İçin Tıklayın    		 Table 3: Effect of antibiotic and clove extract on digestibility of diets of broilers, (Mean±SEM)1

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    Plant extracts fed to broilers gave live performance levels similar to those of the antibiotic growth promoter, results that agree with Jamroz and Kamel15 who observed improvements of 8.1% in daily gain and 7.7% in feed conversion ratios in 17-d-old poults fed a diet supplemented with a plant extract containing capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol at 300 ppm. In contrast, Botsoglou et al.14, showed that oregano oil exerted no growth-promoting effect when administered at 50 or 100 mg/kg of feed. In the present study, a little growth promoter effect of additives was observed, but none of the treatments caused significant effects. The trial was conducted at ideal conditions of experimentation, which could affect the degree of growth promotion (Table 2). Plant extract effects may be due to the greater efficiency in the utilization of feed, resulting in enhanced growth. There is evidence to suggest that herbs, spices, and various plant extracts have appetite- and digestion-stimulating properties and antimicrobial effects10. Clove extract contain different molecules (mainly eugenol) that have intrinsic bio-activities on animal physiology and metabolism.

    The mechanisms by which these products influence the gut microflora and growth performance of poultry are not known properly. As antibiotics, plant extracts could control and limit the growth and colonization of numerous pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of bacteria in the gut. The plant extracts clearly demonstrate antibacterial properties, although the mechanistic processes are poorly understood9,10,15. Likewise, recent studies on supplementation of plant extracts to the broiler diets have supported our study with the similar results5-7,11.

    We conclude that clove extract improved the digestibility of the feeds for broilers. The effect of different additives on digestibility improved the performance slightly, but this effect was statistically nonsignificant. Our results justify further research in this area to determine the optimal dietary inclusion level and the mode of action of these and other plant products to achieve optimal growth performance and digestion and this study justify the possibility use of plant extracts especially 400 ppm as an alternative natural growth promoter for poultry instead of antibiotics.

    Acknowledgment
    This work was supported financially by The Scientific Research Projects Council Unit of Firat University (FUBAP–1120) and was summarized from doctorate thesis.
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    1) Castanon JIR. History of the Use of Antibiotic as Growth Promoters in European Poultry Feeds. Poult Sci 2007; 86: 2466-2471.

    2) Yem Katkıları ve Premikslerin Üretimi, İthalatı, İhracatı, Satışı ve Kullanımı Hakkında Tebliğde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Tebliğ. Tebliğ No: 2006/1.

    3) Guler T, Dalkilic B, Ciftci M ve ark. Broyler rasyonuna katılan kekik ve anason yağları ile antibiyotiğin toplam sekal koliform bakteri sayısı üzerine etkisi. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2005; 3 (3): 47–52.

    4) Dragland S, Senoo H, Wake K, Holte K, Blomhoff R. Several Culinary and Medicinal Herbs are Important Sources of Dietary Antioxidants. J Nutr 2003; 133: 1286-1290.

    5) Ciftci M, Guler T, Dalkilic B, Ertas ON. The Effect of Anise Oil (Pimpinella anisum L.) on Broiler Performance. International Journal of Poultry Science 2005; 4 (11): 851–855.

    6) Ertas ON, Guler T, Ciftci M, Dalkilic B, Simsek UG. The Effect of an Essential Oil Mix Derived from Oregano, Clove and Anise on Broiler Performance. International Journal of Poultry Science 2005; 4 (11): 879-884.

    7) Guler T, Dalkilic B, Ertas ON, Ciftci M. The Effect of Dietary Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella Sativa L.) in Diets on the Performance of Broilers. Asian-Aust Journal of Anim Sci 2006; 19 (3): 425-430.

    8) Guler T, Ertas ON, Ciftci M, Dalkilic B. The Effect of Coriander Seed (Coriandrum Sativum L) as Diet Ingredient on the Performance of Japanese Quail. South African Journal of Anim Sci 2005b; 35 (4): 261-267.

    9) Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, et al. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2003; 44: 450-457.

    10) KKamel C. Tracing modes of action and the roles of plant extracts in non-ruminants. In: Recent advances in animal nutrition. Garnsworthy PC, and Wiseman J, eds. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham. 2001: 135-150.

    11) Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megias MD. Influence of Two Plant Extracts on Broilers Performance, Digestibility, and Digestive Organ Size. Poultry Science 2004; 83: 169-174.

    12) Vogt H, Rauch HW. Der einsatz einzelner ätherischer öle im geflügelmastfutter. Lanbauforschung Völkenrode 1991; 41: 94-97.

    13) Veldman A, Enting H. Effects of crina HC 737 in feed on broiler performance and digestive physiology and microbiology. CLO-institute for Animal Nutrition “De Schothorst”. 1996.

    14) Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paner P, Christaki E, Fletouris DJ, Spais AB. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br Poult Sci 2002; 43: 223-230.

    15) Jamroz D, Kamel C. Plant extracts enhance broiler performance. In non ruminant nutrition: Antimicrobial agents and plant extracts on immunity, health and performance. J Anim Sci 2002; 80 (Suppl. 1): 41 (Abstract).

    16) Ehrich J, Bauermann U, Thomann R. Antimicrobial effect of CO2 spice extracts from summer savory to cinnamon. Lebensmitteltechnik 1995; 27 (11): 51-53.

    17) Feng J, Lipton JM. Eugenol: Antipyretic activity in rabbits. Neuropharmacology 26: 1775-1778.

    18) Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Di Csera Mannelli L, Mazzanti G, Bartolini A. (2001). Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene. II Farmaco 1987; 56: 387-389.

    19) Prasad NS, Raghavendra R, Lokesh BR, Naidu KA. Spice phenolics inhibit human PMNL 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins, Lekotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2004; 70: 521-528.

    20) Kim SI, Yi JH, Tak JH, Ahn YJ. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology 2004; 120: 297-304.

    21) NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. (9th rev. ed.). National Research Council. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press, 1994.

    22) AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemists Virginia, D.C., U.S.A. 1990: 746-780.

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