Bu çalışma bazı konsantre yem örneklerinin metabolize olabilir enerji (ME) düzeylerini belirlemek, enzim ve gaz teknikleri arasındaki farkı araştırmak amacıyla yürütüldü.
Araştırma; yulaf (5), arpa (5), mısır (5), buğday (5), soya fasülyesi küspesi (5), pamuk tohumu küspesi (5), ayçiçeği tohumu küspesi (5)'nden oluşan toplam 35 konsantre yem örneği ile yapıldı. 35 örneğin hepsi Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinden toplandı. Yemlerin ME düzeylerini belirlemek için enzim ve gaz teknikleri kullanıldı. Enzim tekniği ile yulaf, arpa, mısır, buğday, soya fasülyesi küspesi, pamuk tohumu küspesi ve ayçiçeği tohumu küspesinin ME düzeyleri sırasıyla 2083.10, 2394.68, 2399.00, 2391.68, 1882.37, 1748.50 ve 1847.24 kkal/ kg KM olarak belirlendi. Gaz tekniği ile yulaf, arpa, mısır, buğday, soya fasülyesi küspesi, pamuk tohumu küspesi ve ayçiçeği tohumu küspesinin 24 saatlik inkubasyonda ME düzeyleri sırasıyla 2880, 3060, 2940, 2450, 2250, 2090 ve 2130 kkal/kg KM olarak bulundu. Gaz tekniği ile yulaf, arpa, mısır, buğday, soya fasülyesi küspesi pamuk tohumu küspesi ve ayçiçeği tohumu küspesinin 48 saatlik inkubasyonda ME düzeyleri sırasıyla 3370, 3580, 3460, 3060, 2740, 2690 ve 2320 kkal/kg KM bulundu.
Bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, ruminant yemlerinin ME düzeylerini belirlemede enzim tekniğine kıyasla gaz tekniği daha kullanılabilir bulundu.
This study was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy (ME) levels of some concentrates and to investigate the differences between enzyme and gas techniques.
This investigation was carried out with totally 35 concentrate feed samples; oat (5), barley (5), corn(5), wheat (5) soybean meal (5), cottonseed meal (5), sun flower meal (5). All the 35 samples were collected from different regions of Turkey. Enzyme and gas techniques were used to identify the levels of metabolisable energy (ME) of the feeds. ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal with the enzyme technique were determined as 2083.10, 2394.68, 2399.00, 2391.68, 1882.37, 1748.50 and 1847.24 kcal/ kg DM, respectively. ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal with gas technique for 24 h incubations were found as 2880, 3060, 2940, 2450, 2250, 2090 and 2130 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The ME values of 48 h incubations of feedstuffs in gas techniques were found as 3370, 3580, 3460, 3060, 2740, 2690, 2320 kcal/kg DM, respectively.
According to the results of this study, gas technique was found more utilizable than enzyme technique to determine metabolizable energy levels of ruminant feeds.
Giriş
The evaluation quality of feeds is important for the prediction of animal performance. In vivo measurements are expensive and there are difficulties associated with the procedures [1]. For these reasons, different corresponding techniques have been developed. The energy value of feeds can be determined by enzymatic methods which do not require rumen fluid, and gas technique [2,3]. The digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) value of feedstuffs are affected by many chemical factors. The loss of potentially digestible material depends on animal species, physical form of the feed, and the ability of the feed and animal supply of elements required by the rumen microflora for maximum digestion. However, this loss is relatively small, it is unlikely to invalidate any conclusions regarding the effect of chemical composition on the digestibility and ME value of feedstuffs [4]. For many purposes quick and inexpensive laboratory methods of predicting digestibility are required. In vitro methods usually predict in vivo digestibility with a lower error than any other chemical method [5,6].
This study was conducted so as to determine the ME levels of some concentrates and to investigate the difference between enzyme and gas methods.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Feed Samples and Chemical Analysis
The investigation was carried out with 35 concentrate feeds - oat [5], barley [5], corn [5] wheat [5], soybean meal [5], cottonseed meal [5], sunflower meal [5] collected from different regions of Turkey. Chemical composition of the feeds is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: The chemical composition of the feeds (DM, %).
Feed samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE) and ash following the procedures described by A.O.A.C.[7]. Crude fibre (CF) analysis was performed as described by Crampton and Maynard [8].
In vitro enzyme technique
In this study, the cellulose (Trichoderma viride, Sigma C-9422), hemicellulases (Aspergillus niger, Sigma H-2125), amylase (extracted porcine pancreas, Sigma A-3176) and pepsin (Merck, 7190-2000 FIP-U/g) were used. All procedures were carried out according to D'Orleans et al., [9], Aufrère [10] and Sauvant et al. [11]. The results were expressed as the digestibility of 24 h incubation.
In vitro gas technique
To take the rumen liquid, three ruminally fistulated sheep (two years old and with body weight of average 60kg, fed daily with a 900g good quality alfalfa hay and 300g concentrate diet) were used. Water and trace mineralized salt were available at all times. Gas production levels of feeds samples were estimated at incubation times 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours. Gas technique was used Menke and Steingass [12]'s method.
Statistical analysis
Means and standard deviations of feed's chemical compositions and ME values of feeds, and t test values used to determine the differences between ME values of feeds were determined at SPSS packet program [13]. t test results were considered as significant when p values were less than 0.05.
Bulgular
ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal with the enzyme technique were determined as 2083.10, 2394.68, 2399.00, 2391.68, 1882.37, 1748.50 and 1847.24 kcal/ kg DM, respectively. ME levels of oat, barley, corn, wheat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal with gas technique were found as 2880, 3060, 2940, 2450, 2250, 2090 and 2130 kcal/kg DM, respectively (Table 2). The metabolisable energy values of 48 h incubations of feedstuffs in gas techniques were shown in Table 3.
Table 2: The metabolisable energy values of 24 h incubations of feedstuffs in enzyme and gas techniques.
Table 3: The metabolisable energy values of 48 h incubations of feedstuffs in gas technique.
Tartışma
ME values determined with especially enzyme technique were found lower than National Research Council (NRC) [14] values in this study. This may be due to different feed sources and enzymes used in studies which could change the research results [5]. Stern et al. [15] reported that in the enzyme technique, enzyme activities in medium might be insufficient in comparison to those in ruminal medium. ME values determined by gas technique in incubations of 24 h were found generally higher than enzyme technique's. Çerçi et al. [16] reported that generally significant relations between ME and feed components with enzyme and gas technique were found, but grain feeds were not effective in determining of the prediction of the quality of feeds. In addition, they informed that positive high relationships between enzyme and gas techniques in the forages and protein sources were often found. Sileshi et al. [17] reported that nutrient components of feeds affected ME levels determined with gas technique. Nevertheless, Cone [18] has reported that a lower correlation has been found between the techniques when different enzymes were used in the same study. In this study, of which reasons are found different both enzyme technique and gas technique's of ME values than NRC [14] values may be due to nutrient components, used enzyme and incubation time [16,17]. ME values determined by gas technique in incubations of 48 h were found closer to those of NRC (Table 3)[14]. Incubation time were affected ME values of concentrates. In gas technique, rumen liquid's activity has an important role. It was announced that [12] different results might be found in same samples in gas technique, because it is needed many good conditions such as suited animal election, given feed amount to the animal and transported of rumen liquid in aneorobic conditions. In an another study [19], it was found to be 2.96, 3.09, 3.08, 2.58, 2.77, 2.13 and 1.87 Mcal/kg DM, respectively of barley, wheat, corn, oat, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal in incubations of 24 h in gas test. These results are agreed on partly with our study results.
Conclusion
ME values between enzyme and gas techniques were found significant statistically in concentrates. According to the results of this study, gas technique was found more utilizable than enzyme technique to determine ME levels of ruminant feeds.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by TUBITAK.
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